Germany and the Jewish Question. Germany and the Jewish. Dr. What should be done with the Jews? Introduction: “I. Jew before I was an American. I have been an American all of my life, 6. But I have been a Jew for 4. Rabbi. Wise in a speach in Cleveland in June 1. From. the day, when the national socialist party took over the Government in Germany. Jewish problem in the country, the world public. Jewish problem. Thereby the. Germany have often been protested against and condemned, as. German matter only, a national socialist invention so to. These. foreign critics must admit to- day, that the Jewish problem is no longer limited. Germany, that it is very much an urgent matter for statesmen in many. Jews. It is a fact, that the Jewish problem has at this time become acute. When. one is dealing with the German attitude to the Jewish problem, one is also. I. is a mistake to believe, that the Jewish problem has arisen during the last few. It is neither a. national socialist invention nor a result of racist- antisemitic currents, which. If national socialism can boast about any. The German attitude is based on the experience. Occident, experience, which especially in the case. Germany during the past few decades has become the cause of the greatest. The. Jewish problem is actually about two thousand years old. Friederich Karl Wiehe Published for the Institute for studies of the Jewish question, Berlin (1938) Contents. Strictly speaking even. Jews itself. One can speak of it. Jewry as a popular- racial minority has collided. These. historic facts, which can be traced down through the ages, is admitted by Jewry. The Jewish question is just as old as the. Jewish people, which is different from all. One. might call it a peculiar and basically inexplicable historic phenomenon, that. Jewry has never really found itself a final home and a lasting room for the. Israel. This. strange Jewish fate incidentally progesses in large waves. There has been. periods, where the Jewish problem seemed to have been solved, because the. During these. golden periods of the history of the Jewish people, there did not seem to be a. Jewish problem any more. But then it broke out again with full force. The. illusion of peace and happiness disappeared and after the years of peace and. Ahasverus had to take the wandering staff again. The. first expulsions of Jews we find already in anchient Palaestinean history. Already the. persecutions in Alexandria and the Roman’s destruction of the temple (7. D.). started an epoch with Jewish problems much like those of to- day. The time of the. crusades, the expulsion from England under Edward I. Every century in. Jews. Every country in the West has tried to. Jews. It. is evident from the historic examples, that the sedentary people during all this. Jews strange and different, they did not stand out. Only under the conditions of the Aliens Acts. It may be significant, that where the state was. Jews were loosened and penetrated by. Thus for example the very large number of Jews in Eastern. Europe, which can be considered the reservoir of modern Jewry, can partly be. Poland. At. the beginning of the socalled recent times, there has been a period of. Jewry. It was the Age of. Enlightenment with its belief in progess and human rights, and it was believed. Of course the return of 'The Walking Dead' is on our radar this month. See which other movies and TV shows we're excited about in IMDb Picks. Der Domaininhaber ist bereits informiert. Sollten Sie als Domaininhaber diese Information noch nicht erhalten haben, wenden Sie sich bitte an. Ein Mann ist auf der Autobahn 31 von einem Lastwagen . Der junge Mann hatte auf der Fahrbahn gelegen. Der Unfall ereignete sich gegen 5 Uhr am. DIE WELT IM AUGE DES ORKANS. Jewish problem could be solved through these ideals During this period. Jews were just followers of a religion, which had to be accepted along with. Suddenly they were no longer the strangers, the peculiar ones. They were cancelled in. The. 1. 9th century was completely dedicated to the emancipation and assimilation. Jewry. During this period everybody thought the Jewish problem best solved by. Breach of religion and mixed. Jews, in the words of the Jewish. Heinrich Heine, acquired “a ticket to the European culture” and thereby. Many of these assimilated Jews have had an honest intention to. Jewishness like a narrow mantle and to mingle with the host. The. height of this assimilation period has been the last three decades. Israel had. become king everywhere. But there can be no doubt, that this epoch is now at an. The brightest minds of Jewry have recognized already decades ago, that the. Already. forty years ago, Dr. Walther Rathenau in his writing “Listen, Israel”. There he says of his fellow Jews, who were in the. They have no idea, that only an age, where all natural use of. That. the bulk of Jewry has not listened to the numerous warnings from their own, is. Israel in the course of the. It is typical, that even a man as brilliant as Walther. Rathenau has not himself taken the consequences of just that realization. We are thinking of. Zionist movement. Its. founder, Theodor Herzl, under the impression of the Dreyfuss- process and. France, in the year 1. Jews. the slogan: “Back to Palaestine” with the book “The Jewish State”. His. words and his plan, which he sought to put into action with much energy and. The response, which Herzls slogan got from. Jews, was therefore only strong among the masses of Eastern Jews. Jew reservoirs in Poland, Lithuania and Romania. These azkenazi. Jews had no part in the emancipation and assimilation. Their professional and. However. that part of Jewry was in spite of its numerative superiority poorly equipped. Herzls plans. They had no prerequisites for living up to. Jewry in Western Europe. America would be able to do that. But precisely these Jews did not want to. Herzls words. Blinded by the glamour of an. Zionism and fought it with all of. Also during the following decades, they settled for economic. Palaestine- project and contributed only with small groups of. Zionists. On. the other hand Herzls plans of giving Jewry a “homeland” soon generated. Western European host countries. Through colonial. Joseph Chamberlain, England handed the Zionist congress in Basel. Jewish settlement project in British Uganda. The. realization thereof was however in conflict with the attitude of the Zionists. Palaestine. Thus. England has with its project acknowledged the existence of a Jewish problem and. In. 1. 91. 7 Zionism was promised by England that it would support “with the greatest. Jewish homeland in Palaestine in. Balfour- declaration. Immediately after the end of the World War. To- day, when the Jewish question. Jewry in the Western European countries and North. America profess to Zionism. But already now after about 2. Palaestinian experiment and thereby the whole of Herzls plan is. We. see this already now by inspecting the bloody encounters, that take place at the. Palaestine. They are not the first of their kind; after the Jewish. The basic objections. Zionism is a pipe dream, will remain even if the present. Briefly it is the following facts: Jewry. Palaestine is completely dependent upon the mandatory power. Against them stand 9. Arabs, who have lived in that country for. They contest the Jewish claim to Palaestine and insist on. On their side are 3. Arabs in Asia Minor and Egypt. Now they come from all parts of. During the millenia, where they have wandered they have –. Jews – lost the cultural equilibrium and have instead. They do not even speak the same language any. Only a few can still speak hebraic and even yiddish is spoken almost. Eastern Jews. 4. The whole of Jewry or just a small part of the 1. Jews of the faith in the world can never find a home there. Herzls way. out of the threat of antisemitism has remained impracticable. The Jewish problem. Thus. the assimilation process having lasted around 1. Jews having successfully met the counterreaction to be expected with. This. counterreaction, the antisemitism – there can really be no more doubt. One look at the world. The foreign critics, who say, that antisemitism is merely a German. English Zionist. leader, Dr. Chaim Weizmann, who in a heated debate said, that the world can be. Jews and those. who do not want to recieve Jews. Out. of the first group we mention – just to give a few examples – aside from. Germany first and foremost Italy. With extensive legislation they have. Jews from the public life and to expell foreign Jews. In Hungaria. the Daranyi administration has a Jew law, which is now continued by Imredy and. Jewish participation in the economic and the cultural life to a. In Romania, where there is around 1,5 million. Jews, the antisemitic currents have by no means disappeared after the fall of. Goga government, that is witnessed by the extensive measures taken to cancel. Jews, who immigrated to Romania after the end. World War. The present exclusion of the antisemitic party Codreanus can. Romania in a power factor, which will take. These. are all countries in which already strong action has been taken against Jews on. It would be going too far to count all the countries. Czechoslovacia. in Holland, France and also England – antisemitic currents and organisations. To. the second group belongs the states, to which the Jews streamed, when the. This was. mostly over- seas areas, especially the South American states and The. South African Union. These. countries had at first readily opened up for Jewish immigration and offered room. These hospitable countries have meanwhile long. Their high- minded immigration laws have been. Jews lebensraum worth mentioning. This. was demonstrated clearly at the Evian Conference in the summer 1. Jewish immigration problem, but which did not. Jews. It. has in the meantime been demonstrated clearly, that Jewry, fleeing from. Jews themselves. It is a century. Jews. They carry it with them themselves. Ahasverus goes, they are themselves its carrier and its best. And that is why we see to- day in every country to which Jews. Jews awaken, which the governments can no longer ignore. He. who studies the Jewish question, unique in its own right, with scientific. Germany knows. antisemitism, let alone that it should be a German invention. An. objective view also disproves the opinion, that has been voiced now and then. German example. To that one must ask. It. is really not so strange that the German way of handling the Jewish question has. Germany thereby suffers the same fate as everybody. All great human. realizations have won acceptance through struggles and sacrifices. By mid- 1. 94. 3, its numbers had increased to 1. Soviet tanks and artillery. In March 1. 94. 4, the unit was briefly renamed to Volksheer- Brigade Kaminski (Peoples- Brigade Kaminski), before it was absorbed into the Waffen- SS in June 1. With its transfer to the Waffen- SS, the brigade was renamed to Waffen- Sturm- Brigade RONA, and Kaminski was given the rank of Waffen- Brigadef. After Operation Bagration, the R. O. N. A retreated further west, and by the end of July 1. Kaminski unit (3- 4 thousand- -- some sources estimate 6- 7 thousand) were assembled at the SS training camp Neuhammer. On the Kaminski unit base, SS leaders planned to create a SS Division - 2. Waffen- Grenadier- Division der SS (russische Nr. However, the Warsaw Uprising began on the same day as Himmler's signing of an order for the establishment of the division. The division formation was never implemented and part of the . On August 1. 8, 1. Bronislav Kaminski was killed. According to various sources, either an SS court found him guilty or he was simply executed outright by the German Gestapo. By August 2. 7, deciding the brigade was too undisciplined and unreliable, the German commanders removed it from Warsaw. Having suffered heavy losses, the remaining members of the brigade were forwarded farther West, where remnants of the brigade were used against Slovak partisans. After the end of October 1. General Andrey Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army. History. The Lokot area was, before the beginning of the war, specially designated for the incarceration of people forbidden to return to their previous homes in major cities of the Soviet Union- -- as Kaminski himself was. Voskoboinik was appointed by the Germans as starosta of the . By January 1. 94. During a specially ordered partisan attack headed by Alexander Saburov on January 8, 1. Voskoboinik was mortally wounded. After his death Kaminski took over command and expanded the militia. The estimated number of soviet partisans in this area was as high as 2. Army Group Center. Soon thereafter commander of 2nd Army. Generaloberst. Rudolf Schmidt appointed Kaminski as mayor of the Army Rear Area 5. Lokot. On 1. 9 July 1. Commander of Army Group Centre,Field Marshal G. This Kampfgruppe included one Panzer regiment from 5. Panzer- Division, elements of 2. Infanterie- Division, the Kaminski militia and elements of the Hungarian 1. Light Division and 1. The militia, serving as guides, scouts and translators, stayed with Kampfgruppe Gilsa II until it was disbanded in October 1. The official results of this operation, the first major one where Kaminski's troops participated, were 1,1. The Kampfgruppe suffered 5. Russian National Liberation Army. He decided on the Russian National Liberation Army (Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armiya, RONA). In autumn 1. 94. 2 Kaminski ordered an obligatory draft into the militia of all able- bodied men. Units were also reinforced from the . From 1. 94. 1 on, due to lack of fuel and minor mechanical failures, Kaminski's unit was ordered to collect abandoned Soviet tanks and armored cars- -- by November 1. BT- 7 tanks and one 7. Due to the lack of military dress and boots (some units were barefoot), the Germans provided used uniforms for Kaminski's brigade, sufficient for only 4 battalions. By late 1. 94. 2, the militia of the Lokot Autonomy had expanded to the size of a 1. From November 1. 9, 1. December 1. 94. 2, Lokot was inspected under the orders of Alfred Rosenberg. As of January 1. 94. KV- II, two medium T- 3. BT- 7 and 2 BT- 5 light tanks and 3 armored cars (BA- 1. BA- 2. 0). In the spring of 1. The brigade, together with other units under German command, was involved in action against partisans and also took part in reprisal operations against the civilian population. In the summer of 1. Soviet victories and to the efforts of the partisans to . As a part of these efforts, several attempts on Kaminski's life were made. Each time, Kaminski narrowly avoided death and punished the conspirators with execution. Several German officers passing through Lokot reported seeing bodies hanging from gallows outside Kaminski's headquarters. Fearing a breakdown in command, a German liaison staff was attached to Kaminski's HQ to restructure the brigade and return stability to the unit. At this time the strength of the unit was estimated at up to 8,5. The armoured unit of the brigade had one heavy KV- II, four medium T- 3. BT- 5 light tanks, one T- 3. BA- 1. 0) and two armoured carriers. After the failure of Citadel, the Soviet counter- offensives forced the brigade, along with their families, to flee with the retreating Germans. On July 2. 9, 1. 94. Kaminski issued orders for the evacuation of property and families of RONA brigade members and Lokot authorities. Up to 3. 0,0. 00 persons (1. Germans to the Lepel area of Vitebsk in Belarus by the end of August 1. According to post- war Soviet estimates up to 1. Kaminski formation. In Belarus. This area was overrun by partisans, and the brigade was involved in heavy combat in this area for the rest of the year. During the retreat, desertions from the brigade increased greatly, and the entire formation seemed close to disintegration. When the commander of the Second Regiment, Major Tarasov, decided to join the partisans with all his regiment (he was offered amnesty if his entire regiment joined the partisans), Kaminski flew to Tarosov's headquarters and, according to one account, strangled him and 8 others in front of his men. Despite the threat of repercussions up to 2. By the beginning of October 1. T- 3. 4's), one 1. In March 1. 94. 4, the brigade was renamed Volksheer- Brigade Kaminski. Starting on April 1. SS- Kampfgruppe von Gottberg, which also included the notorious Dirlewanger unit, and participated in a series of anti- partisan operations: Regenschauer (up to 7,0. Fr. During these operations local civilians were shot as . With its transfer to the Waffen- SS, the brigade was renamed Waffen- Sturm- Brigade RONA, and Kaminski was given the rank of Waffen- Brigadef. On the same day, Kaminski received a new rank- -- Waffen- Brigadef. Himmler personally requested Kaminski's assistance, and the latter obliged by gathering a task force of 1,7. T- 3. 4 tanks, one SU- 7. Warsaw as the mixed regiment under field command of Kaminski's brigade chief- of- staff, SS- Sturmbannf. Frolov in 1. 94. 5 stated that regiment had up to 1. Kaminski volunteers were first given the task of clearing the Ochota district defended by only 3. Poles. Their attack was planned for the morning of August 5, but when the time came, Kaminski's men could not be found. After some searching, they were found looting abandoned houses in the rear. The attack finally got underway shortly before noon and it went poorly, with the brigade advancing only 2. The men had neither training for nor prior experience in urban combat. For many it was the first time they had even seen a major city and they fought poorly while suffering high casualties. At the same time, thousands of Polish civilians were killed by the RONA SS men during the events known as the Ochota massacre; many of the victims were also raped. In the middle of the month, the Kaminski was moved south to the Wola sector, but it fared no better in combat there than in Ochota. In one incident, a sub- unit had stopped their advance to loot a captured building on the front line and was consequently cut off and destroyed by the Poles. By August 2. 7, the German commanders decided the brigade was too undisciplined and unreliable. In almost a month of fighting, the brigade had still not achieved any of its major objectives. The German commander in Warsaw, SS- Obergruppenf. The capture of a liquor supply was more important for the brigade than the seizure of a position commanding the same street. Each assault was instantly stopped, because after taking the objective over, units dispersed into loose, plundering hordes. Bach- Zelewski agreed, as the troublesome unit was slowing his efforts to suppress the uprising. As soon as replacement units were available, the Kaminski was pulled out of the line after losing about 5. Warsaw. The RONA volunteers, now decimated and infamous even among the SS, were then assigned to the Kampinos Forest to help seal off Warsaw. During their stay in the forest, the unit's artillery battery and one of its infantry battalions were suddenly attacked by 8. Polish partisans led by Lieutenant Colonel . Nearly 1. 00 Russian and German SS- men died in the midnight assault. The remnants of the battalion, which was mostly drunk at the time of the attack, fled in disarray, abandoning their weapons as they fled. In Truskaw, the 1st Regiment lost its entire artillery and much of the stolen merchandise from the city. Officially, Polish partisans were blamed for an alleged ambush in which Kaminski and a few RONA officials (including brigade chief- of- staff Waffen- Obersturmbannf. Some sources say he was placed in front of a military tribunal and then shot by a firing squad, others that he was shot when he was captured by the Gestapo. The death of Kaminski and the unreliability of his troops as a combat unit brought the plans to expand the Kaminski Brigade to a division to an end. After Kaminski's death, his unit was placed under command of the SS- Brigadef. In October, after inspection of the brigade personnel in the Raum Kattowitz, the Germans decided to absorb the remnants of Kaminski's brigade into General Andrey Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army. Infanterie- Division (russisch)- -- Andrey Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army. The former RONA were used to form one of the division's regiments. Accompanying civilians were sent to work in Pomerania. After the war. At the end of 1. Military Court of the USSR handed Yury Frolov and several others a death sentence. In the 1. 95. 0s and 1. USSR, dozens of other former members were found, some of them also sentenced to death. The last member of Lokot/RONA personnel, Antonina Makarova, responsible for more than a thousand murders, was found in 1.
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